Ultrasound and Microwave Treatments to Produce Flexible Thermoplastic Starch–Brewers’ Spent Grain Composite Films

This research aimed to evaluate the effects of formulation and process conditions on the physical and structural properties of starch–brewers’ spent grain films. Three factors were considered: BSG amounts (0, 1, 3, 5%), a possible ultrasonication pre-treatment, and dif- ferent microwave gelatinization treatments (450 W for 80 and 90 s; 900 W for 45 and 50 s). An increase in BSG is responsible for increases in moisture (10.72 → 23.40%), water ab- sorption (67.65 → 95.73%), density (0.90 → 1.27 g/cm3), browning index (5.86 → 85.88), UV blocking capacity (82.42% → 99.96% for UV_A; 61.28% → 99.86% for UV_B), and degradability in the first 7 days (58.72 → 66.57%), but dramatically decreases the Young’s modulus and tensile strength (fallen to 2.90 N/mm2 and 0.21 N/mm2, at 5% BSG). Son- ication contributes to increased browning index (36.17 → 37.24), UV blocking capacity, solubility (49.35 → 51.49%) and Young’s modulus (4.40 → 4.77 N/mm2). The most severe microwave treatment (900 W, 50 s) minimizes moisture (15.83%) and water absorption (80.89%) and maximizes density (1.21 g/cm3), browning index (37.52), and Young’s mod- ulus (5.37 N/mm2). SEM micrographs allow us to observe that the film surface appears rough, and the structure becomes increasingly porous as BSG % increases. The regression analysis indicates that the quadratic model effectively describes the relationships between the three factors and each of the most important properties of the films; it is suitable for predicting film behavior and optimizing their characteristics depending on the desired use.