Over the last few decades, topics such as sustainability, environmental impact and waste disposal are widely discussed worldwide. The planet is severely threat by human actions and it is necessary to put in place corrective actions to keep the prosperity of future generations. In particular, the food sector is a priority area where you have to act immediately, given the enormous volumes of recorded waste. Currently, the food system is forced to increase the production to face world population growth, but at the same time it must address the waste problem and the limited natural resources. Every year millions tonnes of food by-products are generated along the whole chain: from industrial production until household consumption, becoming a serious economic and environmental problem. These are commonly managed as waste, therefore sent to landfills, where turned into greenhouse gas by anaerobic digestion. This negatively impacts on the environment, causing climate changes, and provoking economic problems to the producers, being their disposal not free. Thus, in the optic of sustainability, an appropriate strategy of waste management becomes necessary. In this regard, the “zero waste” theory is very interesting. It is a waste management system whose aim is to recycle waste, being considered a resource to be reused in other productions. Zero waste manufacturing involves designing of products and processes in which no trash is sent to landfills or incinerators. In recent years market needs have changed because of consumers’ increasing awareness of diet related health problems. As a result, foods with natural ingredients and a better nutritional quality are increasingly in demand. Therefore, the food by-products, especially fruit and vegetable ones, widely recognized as excellent sources of bioactive compounds, can be used to fortify common foods eaten daily, improving their nutritional value. These can be used as natural colorants or as high-value natural ingredients to produce foods with functional properties, that can have positive effects on human health, such as reducing cholesterol and risk of various chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, their incorporation into food products affects the technological and sensory properties, so the challenge is to find a compromise between the nutritional and sensory aspects of enriched foods. In this context, the present PhD research study has been focused on the enrichment of food matrices with plant by-products and their relative optimization. In particular, cereal products, as bread and pasta, were used as vehicles of beneficial substances from fruit and vegetables by-products, being staple food within human diet. The bread was enriched with artichoke leaf flour, while spaghetti with red grape marc. In addition, the development of a watermelon-based jelly candy enriched with orange by-products was taken into account, being a product intended for a large group of consumers (from children to adults). Finally, the broccoli by-products extracts were proposed as ingredients to fortify fish-burger. Each case study addressed proves that vegetable by-products from industrial processing can be used as high value food ingredients, allowing to better satisfy consumer demand for healthy food products in a more sustainable perspective.
Negli ultimi decenni, argomenti quali sostenibilità, impatto ambientale e smaltimento degli scarti sono ampiamente discussi in tutto il mondo. Il pianeta è severamente minacciato dalle azioni dell’uomo e se non si interviene tempestivamente con azioni correttive, la prosperità delle future generazioni sarà compromessa. In particolare, il settore alimentare sta suscitando molta attenzione in quanto è responsabile della generazione di enormi volumi di scarti. Attualmente il sistema alimentare è costretto ad aumentare la produzione per far fronte alla crescita della popolazione mondiale, ma allo stesso tempo deve affrontare il problema dei rifiuti e delle risorse naturali limitate. Ogni anno vengono generati milioni di tonnellate di sottoprodotti alimentari lungo l’intera filiera: dalla produzione industriale fino al consumo casalingo, costituendo un serio problema sia economico che ambientale. In genere, i sottoprodotti industriali sono gestiti come scarti, ovvero vengono inviati alle discariche dove vengono trasformati in gas serra mediante digestione anaerobica. Questo impatta negativamente sull’ambiente, causando cambiamenti climatici, e arreca danni economici al produttore, costretto a sostenere spese per il loro smaltimento. Quindi, nell’ottica della sostenibilità, è necessaria un’adeguata strategia di gestione degli scarti. A tal proposito, la teoria dello “zero-waste” risulta molto interessante. Si tratta di un sistema di gestione il cui scopo è di riciclare i sottoprodotti, utilizzandoli come risorse in altri sistemi di produzione. In questo modo nessuno scarto verrà mandato agli inceneritori o alle discariche. Negli ultimi anni anche i bisogni del mercato sono cambiati in quanto i consumatori sono sempre più consapevoli dei problemi di salute legati all’alimentazione. Di conseguenza, alimenti con ingredienti naturali e una migliore qualità nutrizionale sono sempre più richiesti. Pertanto, i sottoprodotti alimentari, soprattutto quelli provenienti dal settore ortofrutticolo, ampiamente riconosciuti come fonti eccellenti di composti bioattivi, possono essere usati come ingredienti naturali per fortificare i comuni alimenti che vengono consumati quotidianamente. Queste risorse possono essere usate come coloranti naturali o come ingredienti naturali ad alto valore per produrre alimenti con proprietà funzionali, che possono avere effetti positivi sulla salute umana, come riduzione del colesterolo e del rischio di varie malattie croniche, quali diabete, malattie cardiovascolari e cancro. Tuttavia, l’incorporazione delle sostanze vegetali all’interno degli alimenti influenza le proprietà tecnologiche e sensoriali, pertanto la sfida è di trovare un compromesso tra gli aspetti nutrizionali e sensoriali in quanto aumentando la concentrazione dei prodotti vegetali la qualità nutrizionale del nuovo alimento migliora mentre peggiora quella sensoriale. In questo contesto, il presente lavoro di dottorato si è focalizzato sull’arricchimento di matrici alimentari con sottoprodotti di origine vegetale e sulla loro relativa ottimizzazione. In particolare, prodotti cerealicoli, quali pane e pasta, sono stati usati come veicoli di sostanze benefiche per la salute essendo alimenti base della dieta umana in tutto il mondo. Il pane è stato arricchito con farina di scarti di carciofo, mentre gli spaghetti con farina di vinaccia rossa. Inoltre, è stato preso in considerazione lo sviluppo di una caramella a base di anguria fortificata con scarti di arancia, essendo un prodotto destinato a un vasto gruppo di consumatori (dai bambini agli anziani). Infine, gli estratti di scarti di broccolo sono stati proposti come ingredienti per fortificare burger di pesce. Ogni caso studio affrontato dimostra come i sottoprodotti vegetali possono essere usati come materia prima di alto valore permettendo di produrre alimenti con proprietà salutari, soddisfando le nuove esigenze dei consumatori e riducendo allo stesso tempo il problema dell’inquinamento ambientale
Optimization of food matrices enriched with bioactive compounds from fruits and vegetables / Marinelli, Valeria. - (2019 Mar 27). [10.14274/marinelli-valeria_phd2019-03-27]
Optimization of food matrices enriched with bioactive compounds from fruits and vegetables
MARINELLI, VALERIA
2019-03-27
Abstract
Over the last few decades, topics such as sustainability, environmental impact and waste disposal are widely discussed worldwide. The planet is severely threat by human actions and it is necessary to put in place corrective actions to keep the prosperity of future generations. In particular, the food sector is a priority area where you have to act immediately, given the enormous volumes of recorded waste. Currently, the food system is forced to increase the production to face world population growth, but at the same time it must address the waste problem and the limited natural resources. Every year millions tonnes of food by-products are generated along the whole chain: from industrial production until household consumption, becoming a serious economic and environmental problem. These are commonly managed as waste, therefore sent to landfills, where turned into greenhouse gas by anaerobic digestion. This negatively impacts on the environment, causing climate changes, and provoking economic problems to the producers, being their disposal not free. Thus, in the optic of sustainability, an appropriate strategy of waste management becomes necessary. In this regard, the “zero waste” theory is very interesting. It is a waste management system whose aim is to recycle waste, being considered a resource to be reused in other productions. Zero waste manufacturing involves designing of products and processes in which no trash is sent to landfills or incinerators. In recent years market needs have changed because of consumers’ increasing awareness of diet related health problems. As a result, foods with natural ingredients and a better nutritional quality are increasingly in demand. Therefore, the food by-products, especially fruit and vegetable ones, widely recognized as excellent sources of bioactive compounds, can be used to fortify common foods eaten daily, improving their nutritional value. These can be used as natural colorants or as high-value natural ingredients to produce foods with functional properties, that can have positive effects on human health, such as reducing cholesterol and risk of various chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. However, their incorporation into food products affects the technological and sensory properties, so the challenge is to find a compromise between the nutritional and sensory aspects of enriched foods. In this context, the present PhD research study has been focused on the enrichment of food matrices with plant by-products and their relative optimization. In particular, cereal products, as bread and pasta, were used as vehicles of beneficial substances from fruit and vegetables by-products, being staple food within human diet. The bread was enriched with artichoke leaf flour, while spaghetti with red grape marc. In addition, the development of a watermelon-based jelly candy enriched with orange by-products was taken into account, being a product intended for a large group of consumers (from children to adults). Finally, the broccoli by-products extracts were proposed as ingredients to fortify fish-burger. Each case study addressed proves that vegetable by-products from industrial processing can be used as high value food ingredients, allowing to better satisfy consumer demand for healthy food products in a more sustainable perspective.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
PhD Thesis Marinelli Valeria (IMAEV XXXI cycle).pdf
Open Access dal 01/01/2021
Tipologia:
PDF Editoriale
Licenza:
Dominio pubblico
Dimensione
1 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.