Edible insects have been recognized as a sustainable source of high-value animal especially proteins, bearing the potential to help satisfying the raising demand of meat products. Globally, over 1900 species of insects are part of the diet of about 2 billion people in Asia, Africa and South America. Yet, in parts of the world where their consumption is not traditional, such as Europe and North America, consumer negative perception is identified as a significant barrier to their widespread adoption. Strategies to overcome the disgust of Western consumers focus on rational promotion through ethical and nutritional arguments, identification of psychological individual traits, the development of sensory appealing and appropriate food products. For the latter, recent research revealed that presenting insects invisibly into familiar food carriers favours their acceptability by Western consumers. Therefore, this thesis aims at building knowledge for supporting the introduction of insects in Western diet by means of conventional and innovative food processing technologies. Herewith, the conversion of insects such as Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) in a dry and ground form and its use in snack foods has been identified as a major opportunity to this end. The first step towards understanding how pre-treatments affect technological and nutritional attributes of larvae of Y. mealworms are initially explored, delivering essential knowledge for obtaining a dry and stable insect powder necessary for any industrial application. Blanching of larvae of Yellow mealworms allowed to obtain a semi-finished product stable in colour and suitable for drying. Dry larvae of Yellow mealworms presented a type II sorption isotherm, typical of hygroscopic foods high protein food, which allowed to estimate a product stability at 5% moisture (d.b.). Successively, the potential of Y. mealworms as a valuable source of protein in extruded cereal snacks was investigated to support their immediate industrial use. Herewith, processing variables and formulation were proved to play a major role in quality attributes of end products, including microstructure, texture and nutritional characteristics. When wheat flour was substituted by 10% of ground Y. mealworm, protein content increased by 35%, and provided more than 16% energy of the formulation, enough to claim the snack as “source of protein” according to current European food law. Besides, a strong relationship between the microstructure and mechanical and nutrient digestibility (starch and protein) was identified, and high shear forces in extrusion cooking improved the digestibility of larvae protein. As a result, this outcome is expected to open horizons in designing innovative food microstructures with tailored mechanical and nutritional characteristics. The fourth chapter of this thesis explored 3D printing as a technology to develop a computer controlled foods with innovative shapes. In summary, the combined effect of printing variables and internal shape design are investigated by following the printing performance, microstructure and mechanical properties of such snacks. Cylindrical objects of specific dimensions and different degree of porosity were designed and realized by depositing a wheatbased dough through a fused deposition modelling printer. As a result, this technology showed high accuracy in reproducing external and internal morphological features of snacks, which were ultimately correlated to mechanical features. Successively, the 3D printing was further adopted to develop a cereal snack containing ground larvae of Y. mealworms. In this study, the effects of formulation and processing conditions on microstructure, nutritional profile and quality attributes of snacks were investigated. A significant improvement of the amino acid profile of wheat flour was observed when snacks were enriched with different levels of ground larvae, validating the rational promotion of insects based on nutritional arguments.
Gli insetti edibili sono stati riconosciuti come una fonte sostenibile di proteine animali di elevato valore biologico ed in grado di fornire un importante contributo per la crescente domanda di prodotti di origine animale. Ad oggi si contano circa 1900 specie di insetti edibili consumati da oltre 2 miliardi di persone che vivono soprattutto in Asia, Africa e Sud America. Nonostante ciò, laddove il consumo di insetti non fa parte della cultura delle popolazioni, come in Europa e Nord America, la percezione negativa dei consumatori è stata identificata come l’ostacolo più importante per la loro adozione. Le strategie attualmente in atto per superare l’ostacolo del disgusto comprendono la promozione razionale supportata da argomenti etici e nutrizionali, l’identificazione di tratti psicologici, e lo sviluppo di prodotti alimentari con buone proprietà sensoriali. Nello specifico, recenti ricerche hanno riscontrato che il consumo di insetti in società occidentali può essere favorito se ne è ridotta la loro visibilità e se questi sono introdotti in prodotti familiari. Pertanto, lo scopo della presente tesi è di creare conoscenza necessaria a supportare l’introduzione di insetti nella dieta occidentale attraverso l’impiego di tecnologie di trasformazione di alimenti convenzionali e innovative. A tale scopo, la trasformazione di insetti quali le larve di tarme della farina (Tenebrio molitor) in una polvere secca impiegabile per formulazioni di snack può essere considerata come una valida opportunità. Inizialmente sono stati studiati gli effetti di alcuni processi su attributi tecnologici e qualità nutrizionale delle larve, fornendo informazioni necessarie per l’ottenimento di una polvere di insetto secca e stabile, impiegabile in preparazioni alimentari. Una scottatura in acqua delle larve ne ha permesso l’ottenimento di un semilavorato di colore stabile e adatto all’essiccazione. Lo studio delle proprietà igroscopiche delle larve secche in polvere ne ha evidenziato un comportamento di isoterma di tipo II, tipico di alimenti ricchi in proteine, e ne ha permesso la stima della loro stabilità a valori di umidità del 5% su base secca. Successivamente, in previsione di un utilizzo immediato, la polvere di larve è stata impiegata per la realizzazione di snack estrusi a base di cereali. Le variabili di processo e la formulazione hanno influito largamente sulle proprietà del prodotto finito, tra cui microstruttura, proprietà meccaniche e nutrizionali. L’adozione di alte temperature di processo e alte velocità delle viti per l’estrusione formulati al 10% di polvere di insetto e 90% di farina di grano tenero ha permesso l’ottenimento di snack con buone proprietà meccaniche. In quest’ultimo caso, l’aggiunta di polvere di larve di tarme della farina e ha aumentato il contenuto in proteine del 35%, contenuto sufficiente considerare lo snack “fonte di proteine” secondo la corrente legislazione europea. Inoltre, gli sforzi di taglio del trattamento di estrusione hanno aumentato la digeribilità delle proteine delle larve, ed è stata identificata una forte correlazione tra la microstruttura degli snack e le loro proprietà meccaniche e di digeribilità, aprendo nuovi orizzonti per la realizzazione di alimenti con specifiche proprietà dettate dalla loro microstruttura. Il quarto capitolo del presente elaborato è stato dedicato all’esplorazione della stampa 3D come tecnologia per la realizzazione di alimenti con geometrie innovative a base di farine di cereali. Nello specifico sono stati studiati gli effetti di alcune variabili di stampa e design degli oggetti da realizzare sulla performance di stampa, microstruttura e proprietà meccaniche degli snack. La tecnologia impiegata, basata sulla modellazione per deposizione di materiali fluido-densi, si è dimostrata adatta alla riproduzione delle geometrie esterne ed interne degli snack, caratteristiche successivamente correlate alle loro proprietà meccaniche. Infine, le polveri di larve sono state sostituite in quantità crescenti a impasti di farina di grano tenero, migliorandone significativamente il profilo amminoacidico e validando la promozione di insetti basata su attributi nutrizionali.
The use of edible insects in conventional and innovative foods. Applications in extruded and 3D printed snacks / Azzollini, Domenico. - (2017). [10.14274/azzollini-domenico_phd2017]
The use of edible insects in conventional and innovative foods. Applications in extruded and 3D printed snacks
AZZOLLINI, DOMENICO
2017-01-01
Abstract
Edible insects have been recognized as a sustainable source of high-value animal especially proteins, bearing the potential to help satisfying the raising demand of meat products. Globally, over 1900 species of insects are part of the diet of about 2 billion people in Asia, Africa and South America. Yet, in parts of the world where their consumption is not traditional, such as Europe and North America, consumer negative perception is identified as a significant barrier to their widespread adoption. Strategies to overcome the disgust of Western consumers focus on rational promotion through ethical and nutritional arguments, identification of psychological individual traits, the development of sensory appealing and appropriate food products. For the latter, recent research revealed that presenting insects invisibly into familiar food carriers favours their acceptability by Western consumers. Therefore, this thesis aims at building knowledge for supporting the introduction of insects in Western diet by means of conventional and innovative food processing technologies. Herewith, the conversion of insects such as Yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) in a dry and ground form and its use in snack foods has been identified as a major opportunity to this end. The first step towards understanding how pre-treatments affect technological and nutritional attributes of larvae of Y. mealworms are initially explored, delivering essential knowledge for obtaining a dry and stable insect powder necessary for any industrial application. Blanching of larvae of Yellow mealworms allowed to obtain a semi-finished product stable in colour and suitable for drying. Dry larvae of Yellow mealworms presented a type II sorption isotherm, typical of hygroscopic foods high protein food, which allowed to estimate a product stability at 5% moisture (d.b.). Successively, the potential of Y. mealworms as a valuable source of protein in extruded cereal snacks was investigated to support their immediate industrial use. Herewith, processing variables and formulation were proved to play a major role in quality attributes of end products, including microstructure, texture and nutritional characteristics. When wheat flour was substituted by 10% of ground Y. mealworm, protein content increased by 35%, and provided more than 16% energy of the formulation, enough to claim the snack as “source of protein” according to current European food law. Besides, a strong relationship between the microstructure and mechanical and nutrient digestibility (starch and protein) was identified, and high shear forces in extrusion cooking improved the digestibility of larvae protein. As a result, this outcome is expected to open horizons in designing innovative food microstructures with tailored mechanical and nutritional characteristics. The fourth chapter of this thesis explored 3D printing as a technology to develop a computer controlled foods with innovative shapes. In summary, the combined effect of printing variables and internal shape design are investigated by following the printing performance, microstructure and mechanical properties of such snacks. Cylindrical objects of specific dimensions and different degree of porosity were designed and realized by depositing a wheatbased dough through a fused deposition modelling printer. As a result, this technology showed high accuracy in reproducing external and internal morphological features of snacks, which were ultimately correlated to mechanical features. Successively, the 3D printing was further adopted to develop a cereal snack containing ground larvae of Y. mealworms. In this study, the effects of formulation and processing conditions on microstructure, nutritional profile and quality attributes of snacks were investigated. A significant improvement of the amino acid profile of wheat flour was observed when snacks were enriched with different levels of ground larvae, validating the rational promotion of insects based on nutritional arguments.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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