Flowers and flames. The Determinants of Biorefineries location in the EU Circular Economy: a Core–Periphery Perspective

This study explores the determinants of the Circular Bioeconomy (CBE) within a core–periphery framework, with a particular focus on the factors influencing the localisation of biorefineries across European regions. Drawing on a panel data approach at the NUTS-2 level, the research investigates the socio-economic, techno-territorial, and resource-endowment determinants shaping the spatial distribution and uptake of biorefineries, with particular attention to facilities utilising secondary biomass and cleaner conversion technologies. The findings reveal marked regional heterogeneity: core regions benefit from well-developed technological infrastructures and strong innovation capacity, whereas semi-peripheral and peripheral regions are constrained by limited resources and technical expertise. The analysis highlights the importance of tailored, place-based policy interventions to address territorial disparities and support equitable CBE implementation. By elucidating these spatial dynamics, the study contributes to the growing literature on regional sustainability transitions and offers actionable insights for EU policymakers seeking to mitigate economic and spatial inequalities while fostering circularity.