Fibrosis mechanisms in systemic sclerosis and new potential therapies

Systemic sclerosis is a rare rheumatic disease characterized by immune cell activation, tissue fibrosis, and endothelial dysfunction. Extracellular matrix synthesis disorder causes widespread fibrosis, primarily in skin and internal organs. Various factors such as TGFβ, VEGF, Galectin-3, and signaling pathways like Wnt/β-catenin are involved in pathophysiological processes. Treatment lacks a unified approach but combines diverse modalities tailored to disease subtype and progression. Current therapeutic strategies include biologics, JAK inhibitors, and IL-6 pathway modulators. Monoclonal antibodies and hypomethylating agents demonstrate potential in fibrosis inhibition. This review focuses on emerging therapeutic evidence regarding drugs targeting collagen, cytokines, and cell surface molecules in systemic sclerosis, aiming to provide insight into potential innovative treatment strategies.