Trail differently affects osteoclast formation in physiological and pathological conditions.

Although osteoclasts (OCs) differentiate under the control of RANK/RANKL/OPG system, a number of inflammatory cytokines can contribute to increase osteoclastogenesis in diseases associated with bone loss. Recently, different studies indicate that TRAIL is implicated in modulating osteoclastogenesis. Here, we investigated the effect of TRAIL on OC formation in physiological and pathological conditions with bone involvement utilizing osteoclastogenesis in vitro models represented by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors and patients affected by multiple myeloma or periodontal disease. We demonstrated that in PBMCs from healthy donors TRAIL can directly induce OC formation in the absence of RANKL, while exert an inhibitory effect when added concomitantly to RANKL. In PBMCs from the patients, in which media the levels of TRAIL, RANKL and OPG are elevated, the neutralization of TRAIL partially inhibits the OC formation, and this effect was reversed by RANKL addition. Finally, we detect high TRAIL levels in the sera from the patients. In conclusion, our results indicate that TRAIL could exert a different role in modulating OC differentiation in physiological and pathological conditions.