The first Lombroso's followers (eighties of the XIX century) imagined that experimental criminology would transform the process from an objective ascertainment of the crime into a clinical and anthropological examination of the offender. On one band, they believed that the propulsive thrust of Enlightenment procedural values (orality, publicity, presumption of innocence, jury) was exhausted, on the other hand, they pressed to rebalance the relationship between "social defense" anf guarantees, even restoring institutions and instruments of the previous regime (inquisitorial model, reduction of the lawyer's role, preponderance of the preliminary investigation over the hearing). With the initial suspicion of an excessive indulgence due to the deterministic conception of the criminal offense, the new school soon revealed the restorative, even reactionary implication characterizing its constant claim to express the 'common feeling'. The essay enfolds by showing in parallel the tight, often harsh, dialectic between the procedural proposals by the positivists and the polemical counterpoint of the liberal criminal law, between the scientist wave that promised to rewrite, from the ground up, the rules of the trial and the concerns of those who glimpsed in the criminal anthropology a threat to the constitutional order.
I primi penalisti seguaci di Lombroso (anni Ottanta del secolo XIX) immaginavano che la criminologia sperimentale avrebbe trasformato il processo da obiettivo accertamento del delitto in esame clinico e antropologico del delinquente. Da un lato essi ritenevano esaurita la stagione dei valori processuali dell’illuminismo (oralità, pubblicità, presunzione d’innocenza, fiducia nella magistratura popolare), dall’altro si ripromettevano di riequilibrare il rapporto tra «difesa sociale» e garanzie anche al prezzo d’un ritorno a istituti e strumenti d’antico regime (modello inquisitorio, incontrovertibilità della confessione, preponderanza dell’istruttoria sul dibattimento). Inizialmente sospettata di eccessiva indulgenza a causa della concezione deterministica del reato, la ‘nuova scuola’ svelò presto la portata restauratrice o addirittura reazionaria dei continui appelli al ‘comune sentire’. Il saggio presenta in costante raccordo le proposte processuali dei positivisti e il contrappunto polemico, spesso aspro, della penalistica liberale, la quale restava ancorata alla tradizione ‘italiana’ (Beccaria, Carrara) e coglieva nelle istanze repressive dell’antropologia criminale una minaccia all’ordine costituzionale.
"Melanconico spettacolo". Scientismo criminologico e spirito reazionario nelle proposte processualistiche della prima Scuola positiva
M. N. Miletti
2021-01-01
Abstract
The first Lombroso's followers (eighties of the XIX century) imagined that experimental criminology would transform the process from an objective ascertainment of the crime into a clinical and anthropological examination of the offender. On one band, they believed that the propulsive thrust of Enlightenment procedural values (orality, publicity, presumption of innocence, jury) was exhausted, on the other hand, they pressed to rebalance the relationship between "social defense" anf guarantees, even restoring institutions and instruments of the previous regime (inquisitorial model, reduction of the lawyer's role, preponderance of the preliminary investigation over the hearing). With the initial suspicion of an excessive indulgence due to the deterministic conception of the criminal offense, the new school soon revealed the restorative, even reactionary implication characterizing its constant claim to express the 'common feeling'. The essay enfolds by showing in parallel the tight, often harsh, dialectic between the procedural proposals by the positivists and the polemical counterpoint of the liberal criminal law, between the scientist wave that promised to rewrite, from the ground up, the rules of the trial and the concerns of those who glimpsed in the criminal anthropology a threat to the constitutional order.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.