Healthy Lifestyle and Mortality Among Adults Receiving Hemodialysis: The DIET-HD Study

Rationale & Objective A healthy lifestyle promotes cardiovascular health and reduces cardiac-related mortality in the general population but its benefits for people receiving maintenance hemodialysis are uncertain. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Setting & Participants 5,483 of 9,757 consecutive adults receiving maintenance hemodialysis (January 2014 to June 2017, median dialysis vintage: 3.6 yrs) in a multinational private dialysis network and with complete lifestyle data. Exposures Based on the American Heart Association’s recommendations for cardiovascular prevention, a modified healthy lifestyle score was the sum of four components addressing use of smoking tobacco, physical activity, diet, and control of systolic blood pressure. Outcomes Cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Analytical Approach Adjusted proportional hazards (aHRs) regression analyses with country as a random effect to estimate the associations between lifestyle score (low [0-2 points] as the referent, medium [3-5], and high [6-8]) and mortality. Associations were expressed as aHRs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results During a median of 3.8 years (17,451 person-years in total), there were 2,163 deaths, of which 826 were related to cardiovascular disease. Compared to patients with a low lifestyle score, the aHRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality among those with medium and high lifestyle scores were 0.75 (0.65-0.85) and 0.64 (0.54-0.76), respectively. Compared to patients with a low lifestyle score, the aHRs (95% CIs) for cardiovascular mortality among those with medium and high lifestyle scores were 0.73 (0.59-0.91) and 0.65 (0.49-0.85), respectively. Limitations Self-reported lifestyle, data-driven approach. Conclusions A healthier lifestyle is associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis.