Background: The squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (TSCC) is the most frequent cancer of oral cavity and is extremely aggressive and characterized by poor prognosis. It is a complex disease to be treated and therapies in use have led to mediocre results and many side effects. Some facts suggest that natural essences can support traditional cancer therapy, carrying out a synergistic function with chemotherapy In particular, curcumin is used for decades in Chinese medicine for its beneficial effects, while genistein is an isoflavone that is known as an angiogenesis inhibitor and a phytoestrogen Curcumin and genistein have anticancer properties in many tumors but their action on the tongue carcinoma is not entirely clear and many other investigations are necessary. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effects of curcumin on TSCC cells using different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μM) and 3 different treatment times (24, 48 and 72 hours). Furthermore, 20, 50 and 100 μM of genistein are used at the same time points. The inhibition of adhesion, proliferation, viability, migration and tumorigenesis were studied. Calcium Colorimetric Assay Kit, ATP-measurement methods, LDH Cytotoxicity Assay, quantitative determination of intracellular ROS level, analysis of ΔΨm by fluorescence assay were used to determinate biochemical changes responsible for cellular injury. Results: We monitored in real time the growth kinetics for 72 hours after treatment and all CI values analyzed. The adhesion interval was 0-10 hours. We found a halving of cell adhesion after treatment with 5 μM of curcumin, a ~ 25% reduction after treatment with 1 μM of curcumin. Furthermore, adhesion of TSCC cells treated with 50 μM of curcumin was reduced by 75% compared to control. Even, the down-regulation of integrin expression supports the theory goes that curcumin inhibits adhesion of the tongue cancer cells. The proliferation is reduced by 50% after treatment with 5-10μM curcumin at all time points considered and IC50 value is ~ 10 μM. Curcumin reduces vitality, migration and progression of TSCC cells and it promotes apoptosis and inhibits tumorigenesis. In fact, PAR 4 is increased after curcumin treatments while Survivin and Oct4 decreased. While, cell adhesion of TSCC cells is inhibited especially between 20 and 50 μM of genistein treatment. Proliferation is reduced by 50% for treatments with 20 μM at 24 hours, with 20 or 50 μM at 48 and 50 μM at 72 hours (p <0.0001). The viability and migration appeared to be reduced with high significance (p <0.001). Genistein downregulated vitronectin, oct4 and survivin. It was showed an increase of intracellular Ca2+ and LDH release while there was a reduction of ATP levels after treatments of curcumin and genistein. Also ROS and ΔΨm were reduced after treatments. These biochemical changes have confirmed the cell damage and consequently apoptosis after treatments. Conclusions: These results suggest the possible use of curcumin and genistein as anticancer agents in TSCC. In vivo studies are needed to confirm these data and to be able to manufacture a suitable delivery system that is acting directly in the tumor site.
Introduzione: Il carcinoma a cellule squamose della lingua (TSCC) è il più frequente tumore della cavità orale ed è estremamente aggressivo e caratterizzato da prognosi infausta. Si tratta di una malattia complessa da curare e le terapie in uso hanno portato a risultati mediocri e molti effetti collaterali. Alcune evidente scientifiche suggeriscono che le sostanze naturali sono in grado di supportare la terapia del cancro tradizionale, svolgendo una funzione sinergica con la chemioterapia In particolare, la curcumina è usata da decenni nella medicina cinese per i suoi effetti benefici, mentre la genisteina è un isoflavone che è conosciuto come un inibitore dell'angiogenesi e dei fitoestrogeni Curcumina e genisteina hanno proprietà antitumorali per molti tumori ma la loro azione sul carcinoma della lingua non è del tutto chiaro e sono necessarie molte altre indagini. Materiali e metodi: In questo studio, abbiamo valutato gli effetti della curcumina sulle cellule di TSCC utilizzando diverse concentrazioni (1, 5, 10, 20 e 50 μM) e 3 differenti tempi di trattamento (24, 48 e 72 ore). Inoltre, 20, 50 e 100 μM di genisteina sono utilizzati per gli stessi time points. Sono stati studiati l’inibizione di adesione, proliferazione, vitalità, migrazione e tumorigenesi. L’xCELLigence system è stato utilizzato per valutare gli effetti sull’ adesione cellulare, la proliferazione e per calcolare i valori di IC50. L’ MTT assay e il trypan blu sono stati usati per valutare la vitalità cellulare, lo scratch assay per migrazione cellulare e il western blot per l'espressione di alcune proteine. Sono stati usati per determinare possibili cambiamenti biochimici e strutturali responsabili danno cellulare: Kit per la detenzione del calcio, per la quantizzazione dell’ATP, il kit per LDH, la quantificazione del livello intracellulare dei ROS, l’analisi del ΔΨm mediante fluorescenza. Risultati: Abbiamo monitorato in tempo reale la cinetica di crescita per 72 ore dopo i trattamenti e tutti i valori CI sono stati analizzati. L'intervallo di adesione era compreso tra 0-10 ore. Abbiamo trovato una dimensione dell'adesione cellulare dopo il trattamento con 5 μM di curcumina, una riduzione di ~ 25% dopo il trattamento con 1 μM di curcumina. Inoltre, l'adesione di cellule TSCC trattate con 50 μM di curcumina è stata ridotta del 75% rispetto al controllo. Anche la riduzione della espressione dell'integrina supporta la teoria che la curcumina inibisce l'adesione delle cellule tumorali della lingua. Mentre, la curcumina riduce la proliferazione del 50% dopo trattamento con 5-10μM curcumina a tutti i time points considerati e il valore di IC50 è ~ 10 μM. La curcumina riduce la vitalità, la migrazione e la progressione delle cellule di TSCC. Inoltre, essa promuove l'apoptosi e inibisce tumorigenesi. Infatti, PAR-4 aumenta dopo trattamenti con curcumina mentre Survivina e Oct4 diminuiscono Mentre, l’adesione cellulare delle cellule TSCC viene inibita in particolare tra 20 e 50 μM di trattamento genisteina. La proliferazione è ridotta del 50% per i trattamenti con 20 μM a 24 ore, con 20 -50 μM a 48 ore e 50 μM a 72 ore (p <0,0001). I test di vitalità hanno confermato una riduzione proporzionale alla concentrazione di genisteina, aumentando proporzionalmente con il passare del tempo. Anche la migrazione sembra essere ridotta con elevata significatività (p <0.001). La genisteina sottoregolata l’espressione di vitronectina, Oct4 e survivina. È stato dimostrato un aumento del rilascio intracellulare Ca2+ e LDH mentre c'è stata una riduzione dei livelli di ATP dopo trattamenti di curcumina e genisteina. Inoltre, ROS e ΔΨm sono stati ridotti dopo i trattamenti. Tali modificazioni biochimiche hanno confermato il danno cellulare e induzione dell’apoptosi dopo i trattamenti. Conclusioni: Questi risultati suggeriscono il possibile uso di curcumina e genisteina come agenti antitumorali per terapie del TSCC. Studi in vivo sono necessari per confermare questi dati e per poter produrre un sistema di delivery in grado di agire direttamente nel sito del tumore.
In vitro study on anticancer properties of Curcumin and Genistein in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Tongue / Ardito, Fatima. - (2017). [10.14274/ardito-fatima_phd2017]
In vitro study on anticancer properties of Curcumin and Genistein in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Tongue
ARDITO, FATIMA
2017-01-01
Abstract
Background: The squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (TSCC) is the most frequent cancer of oral cavity and is extremely aggressive and characterized by poor prognosis. It is a complex disease to be treated and therapies in use have led to mediocre results and many side effects. Some facts suggest that natural essences can support traditional cancer therapy, carrying out a synergistic function with chemotherapy In particular, curcumin is used for decades in Chinese medicine for its beneficial effects, while genistein is an isoflavone that is known as an angiogenesis inhibitor and a phytoestrogen Curcumin and genistein have anticancer properties in many tumors but their action on the tongue carcinoma is not entirely clear and many other investigations are necessary. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effects of curcumin on TSCC cells using different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 μM) and 3 different treatment times (24, 48 and 72 hours). Furthermore, 20, 50 and 100 μM of genistein are used at the same time points. The inhibition of adhesion, proliferation, viability, migration and tumorigenesis were studied. Calcium Colorimetric Assay Kit, ATP-measurement methods, LDH Cytotoxicity Assay, quantitative determination of intracellular ROS level, analysis of ΔΨm by fluorescence assay were used to determinate biochemical changes responsible for cellular injury. Results: We monitored in real time the growth kinetics for 72 hours after treatment and all CI values analyzed. The adhesion interval was 0-10 hours. We found a halving of cell adhesion after treatment with 5 μM of curcumin, a ~ 25% reduction after treatment with 1 μM of curcumin. Furthermore, adhesion of TSCC cells treated with 50 μM of curcumin was reduced by 75% compared to control. Even, the down-regulation of integrin expression supports the theory goes that curcumin inhibits adhesion of the tongue cancer cells. The proliferation is reduced by 50% after treatment with 5-10μM curcumin at all time points considered and IC50 value is ~ 10 μM. Curcumin reduces vitality, migration and progression of TSCC cells and it promotes apoptosis and inhibits tumorigenesis. In fact, PAR 4 is increased after curcumin treatments while Survivin and Oct4 decreased. While, cell adhesion of TSCC cells is inhibited especially between 20 and 50 μM of genistein treatment. Proliferation is reduced by 50% for treatments with 20 μM at 24 hours, with 20 or 50 μM at 48 and 50 μM at 72 hours (p <0.0001). The viability and migration appeared to be reduced with high significance (p <0.001). Genistein downregulated vitronectin, oct4 and survivin. It was showed an increase of intracellular Ca2+ and LDH release while there was a reduction of ATP levels after treatments of curcumin and genistein. Also ROS and ΔΨm were reduced after treatments. These biochemical changes have confirmed the cell damage and consequently apoptosis after treatments. Conclusions: These results suggest the possible use of curcumin and genistein as anticancer agents in TSCC. In vivo studies are needed to confirm these data and to be able to manufacture a suitable delivery system that is acting directly in the tumor site.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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