The essay traces the key stages in the history of prison healthcare in contemporary Italy. The pre-unification states began to address the issue from a purely charitable perspective. The Kingdom of Italy, after unification, found itself managing a heterogeneous prison system. Criminal scholars showed little interest in the actual conditions under which penal executions were carried out: the 1891 Regulation was still based on the primacy of the prison administration in managing the lives of inmates. This primacy was essentially confirmed by the Fascist regime, while paying constant attention to the therapies needed to reform offenders: a program effectively summarized in the phrase “human remediation”. When the Constitution was approved, health became a fundamental right. But the penetration of this transformation into prisons was slow and contested, and could not be considered fully achieved even with the 1975 reform of the penitentiary system. Although the creation of the National Health Service (1978) brought about equal treatment in healthcare for free citizens and prisoners, prisoners’ rights to healthcare continue to encounter legislative and jurisprudential resistance: obstacles accentuated by the chronic lack of resources and repressive policies.
Il saggio ripercorre le tappe salienti della storia della sanità carceraria in Italia in età contemporanea. Il Regno d’Italia, dopo l’Unità, si trovò a gestire un assetto penitenziario disomogeneo e fatiscente. Le scuole penalistiche, per motivi diversi, non mostrarono particolare interesse alle condizioni effettive in cui versava l’esecuzione penale: il Regolamento del 1891 nasceva ancora sul presupposto del primato dell’amministrazione carceraria nella gestione della vita del detenuto. Un primato che il regime fascista, realizzatore dei codici penali e del Regolamento del 1931, sostanzialmente confermò, pur prestando una costante attenzione alle terapie necessarie a emendare i delinquenti: programma condensato nel sintagma bonifica umana. Con l’avvento della Costituzione, la salute è assurta a diritto fondamentale. Ma la penetrazione di questa svolta nei recinti carcerari è stata lenta e contrastata, non potendo ritenersi pienamente realizzata nemmeno con la riforma dell’Ordinamento penitenziario del 1975. Sebbene la creazione del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (1978) abbia comportato la parità di trattamento assistenziale tra cittadini liberi e detenuti, i diritti del ristretto alle cure continuano a incontrare resistenze normative e giurisprudenziali: ostacoli accentuati dalla cronica carenza di risorse e da politiche di stampo repressivo.
Tra salute e sicurezza: un profilo storico della sanità carceraria nell’Italia contemporanea.
Miletti M. N.
2026-01-01
Abstract
The essay traces the key stages in the history of prison healthcare in contemporary Italy. The pre-unification states began to address the issue from a purely charitable perspective. The Kingdom of Italy, after unification, found itself managing a heterogeneous prison system. Criminal scholars showed little interest in the actual conditions under which penal executions were carried out: the 1891 Regulation was still based on the primacy of the prison administration in managing the lives of inmates. This primacy was essentially confirmed by the Fascist regime, while paying constant attention to the therapies needed to reform offenders: a program effectively summarized in the phrase “human remediation”. When the Constitution was approved, health became a fundamental right. But the penetration of this transformation into prisons was slow and contested, and could not be considered fully achieved even with the 1975 reform of the penitentiary system. Although the creation of the National Health Service (1978) brought about equal treatment in healthcare for free citizens and prisoners, prisoners’ rights to healthcare continue to encounter legislative and jurisprudential resistance: obstacles accentuated by the chronic lack of resources and repressive policies.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.


