In the post-Unitarian Italy, criminal justice represented a decisive test for the stability of the statutory principles of freedom and legality. Liberal jurists hoped that jurisdiction could encourage the «civic contribution» in the State-building process. But the young Kingdom came from heterogeneous esperiences: the presumed anthropological diversity between the populations fueled doubts about the actual urgency of penal unification. There was less hesitation in the judicial field: but the first serious emergency in the control of public order, namely brigandage, strengthened the ‘regionalist’ thesis supported by the leadership of Francesco Carrara. However the so-called Classical School agreed that the criminal procedure was, first and foremost, a trench against the ‘invasions’ of power. From the early eighties of the nineteenth century, the Positive School of Criminology, in the name of ‘social defense’, radically contested the excessive guaranteeism promoted by the liberals and endorsed by the laws in force. In procedural matters, Lombrosian jurists developed an unrealistic model of ‘clinical’ trial, aimed at the classification and therapeutic treatment of the ‘delinquent’. In 1889 two conservative positivists (Raffaele Garofalo and Luigi Carelli) drafted a compromissory project of procedure code. But the cultural distance went beyond the doctrinal disagreement. The following decades would confirm and accentuate the distinctive features of Italian criminal justice, chronically divided between (often only formal) guaranteeism and repressive impulses legitimized by ‘reason of State’.
Nell’Italia post-unitaria la giustizia penale rappresentò un decisivo banco di prova della tenuta dei princípi statutari di libertà e legalità. La penalistica liberale confidava che la giurisdizione potesse favorire il «concorso civico» nella costruzione dell’identità nazionale. Tuttavia il retaggio delle diversità antropologiche e istituzionali induceva studiosi autorevoli a dubitare dell’effettiva urgenza dell’unificazione penale. Il disagio era meno avvertito sul fronte giudiziario: ma la prima seria emergenza di ordine pubblico, ossia il brigantaggio, alimentò le tesi ‘regionaliste’ sostenute da Francesco Carrara. La cd. Scuola classica concordava comunque nel configurare la procedura quale trincea contro le ‘invasioni’ del potere. Dall’inizio degli anni Ottanta del secolo XIX la Scuola positiva, sotto il vessillo della ‘difesa sociale’, contestò radicalmente gli eccessi di garantismo promossi dalla dottrina e consentiti dalle norme vigenti. In luogo del processo ‘misto’, i giuristi discepoli di Lombroso proposero un irrealistico modello di accertamento ‘clinico’, finalizzato alla classificazione e al trattamento terapeutico del delinquente. Nel 1889 due positivisti conservatori (Raffaele Garofalo e Luigi Carelli) elaborarono un progetto compromissorio di codice di rito. Ma la spaccatura culturale travalicava il dissidio dottrinale. I decenni successivi avrebbero confermato e accentuato i tratti distintivi della giustizia penale italiana, cronicamente dilaniata tra garantismo spesso meramente formale e impulsi repressivi legittimati dalla ‘ragion di Stato’.
Concorso civico e nostalgie inquisitorie: profili costituzionali del processo penale nell’Italia post-unitaria
Miletti M. N.
2024-01-01
Abstract
In the post-Unitarian Italy, criminal justice represented a decisive test for the stability of the statutory principles of freedom and legality. Liberal jurists hoped that jurisdiction could encourage the «civic contribution» in the State-building process. But the young Kingdom came from heterogeneous esperiences: the presumed anthropological diversity between the populations fueled doubts about the actual urgency of penal unification. There was less hesitation in the judicial field: but the first serious emergency in the control of public order, namely brigandage, strengthened the ‘regionalist’ thesis supported by the leadership of Francesco Carrara. However the so-called Classical School agreed that the criminal procedure was, first and foremost, a trench against the ‘invasions’ of power. From the early eighties of the nineteenth century, the Positive School of Criminology, in the name of ‘social defense’, radically contested the excessive guaranteeism promoted by the liberals and endorsed by the laws in force. In procedural matters, Lombrosian jurists developed an unrealistic model of ‘clinical’ trial, aimed at the classification and therapeutic treatment of the ‘delinquent’. In 1889 two conservative positivists (Raffaele Garofalo and Luigi Carelli) drafted a compromissory project of procedure code. But the cultural distance went beyond the doctrinal disagreement. The following decades would confirm and accentuate the distinctive features of Italian criminal justice, chronically divided between (often only formal) guaranteeism and repressive impulses legitimized by ‘reason of State’.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.